next generation sequencing 2019

Sequencing is helped to determine the primary structure   of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a sequence which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. DNA sequencing is helps in determining the nucleotide order of a given DNA fragment. So far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger.

The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the basic importance DNA has   to living things, knowledge of DNA sequences is useful in any area of biological research

DNA sequencing is the method of deciding the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It contains any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases -adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine -in a strand of DNA. The DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery.

This technology   has become essential   for fundamental biological research, and in many applied fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and biological systematic.

RNA-Sequence is   also called as whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing(WTSS), uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) to reveal the presence and quantity of RNA in a biological sample at a given moment in time.

This technique is used to analyze the continually changing cellular transcriptome. Specifically, RNA-Sequence  facilitates the ability to look at alternative gene spliced transcripts, post-transcriptional modifications, gene fusion, mutations/SNPs and changes in gene expression over time, or differences in gene expression in different groups or treatments.

In addition to mRNA transcripts, RNA-Sequence can look at different populations of RNA to include total RNA, small RNA, such as miRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal profiling. RNA-Sequence can also be used to determine exon/intron boundaries and verify or amend previously annotated 5' and 3' gene boundaries.

Prior to RNA-Sequence, gene expression studies were done with hybridization-based microarrays. Issues with microarrays include cross-hybridization artifacts, poor quantification of lowly and highly expressed genes, and needing to know the sequence a priori. Because of these technical issues, transcriptomics transmitted   to sequencing-based methods. These progressed from Sanger sequencing of Expressed Sequence Tag libraries, to chemical tag-based methods and finally to the current technology, next-generation sequencing of cDNA.

Protein sequencing is the process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide. This may serve to identify the protein or characterize its post-translational modifications. The two different methods of protein sequencing are   Mass spectrometry and Edman degradation using a protein sequenator. Mass spectrometry methods are presently the most popularly used for protein sequencing and for recognition. Protein sequencing is mainly depending on chemical or enzymatic digestion techniques to separate peptides and detect the amount and composition of amino acid residue. protein sequencing services supplies accurate and reliable protein characterization and identification.

Mass spectrometry of peptides by enzymatic digest is a common technique of protein identification, Edman sequencing also known as automated Gas Phase Sequencing (GPS) supplies additional data which is inaccessible via mass spectrometry methods. GPS is used to identify unknown proteins as well as to check the quality of recombinant proteins and determine enzyme cleavage sites. It is a powerful complimentary technique used throughout all stages of drug discovery.

Illumina sequencing is a technique used to determine the series of base pairs in DNA, also known as DNA sequencing. The reversible terminated chemistry concept was invented by Bruno Canard and Simon sarfati at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Illumina sequencing technique works in three basic steps -  amplify, sequence, and analyze. The process begins with purified DNA. The   process begins with purified DNA.

Sequence alignment is the method of ordering   the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to recognize regions because of resemblance that may be a consequence of functional, structural, evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. This technology is also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the edit distance cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data.

As the largest gene synthesis and comprehensive molecular biology service provider in the USA with proven capability and reliability, Genscript now expands DNA sequencing services in North America to offer customers high speed and superior quality services. The Sanger DNA sequencing services are performed by professionally trained staff on state-of-the-art instrument and analyzed with advanced bioinformatics tools.

Clinical Biostatistics: It encompasses the statistical strategies which are accustomed to govern uncertainties in the field of medicine and health. It comprehends biostatistics in clinical research and clinical trials, biostatistics research and methodology, clinical decision making, statistical methods in diagnostic drugs , statistical and computing methods.

Statistical Methods: It includes strategies which are utilized as a part of biostatistics and computing. It incorporates points such as vigorous techniques in biostatistics, longitudinal studies, analysis with deficient data, meta-analysis, Monte-Carlo strategies, quantitative issues in health-risk analysis, statistical methodologies in genetic studies, ecological statistics and biostatistical routines in epidemiology

Bayesian statistics: It is a subset of the sphere of statistics during which the proof about the concerning verity of the world is expressed in terms of degrees of belief or, ma lot specifically, Bayesian probabilities. It includes of varies approaches like Bayesian inference, stochastic structural improvement and Bayesian statistics, semi-parametric Bayesian analysis, Bayesian multiple modification point analysis, infrared spectroscopic analysis with Bayesian statistics and Bayesian dynamic models.

Computational Systems Biology: Systems biology is the investigation of frameworks of biological components, which might be atoms, molecules, cells, life forms or whole species. Living systems are dynamic and complex and their conduct might be difficult to anticipate from the properties of individual parts. In these days computer science assumes an imperative part in concentrating on the system biology. This track incorporates different themes like biostatistics in systems biology, machine learning and artificial intelligence, information analysis.

Regression Analysis: In statistics study, regression analysis has been statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes several techniques for modelling and analysing many variables, once the main focus is on the link between a dependent variable and one or a lot of freelance variables. This track contains numerous sub topics like linear and non-linear analysis, variance and regression analysis, statistical methods for categorical data analysis, multiple regression with categorical information and biostatistical analysis software.

Biostatistics is the study of science that deals with the statistical methods for describing and comparing the phenomenon of particular subject which helps in managing medical uncertainties. Its applications are wide spread in medicine, health, biology etc. for interpretation of data based on observations and facts.